肝炎数千年来始终为人类健康史上一顽疾。据史实记载,早于远古时代人类已观察到一种影响肝脏健康并导致皮肤泛黄之疾病。藉此证明,肝炎随人类发展存在已久。
人类对肝炎直到公元1963年才有突破性认识。Baruch Blumberg医生首次发现一种抗原可用于检测人类血液样品中之乙肝病毒(HBV)。
当时,Baruch Blumberg医生正着力于研究疾病易感性之遗传因素,而肝炎并非其研究重点,然而该发现却为人类对该疾病之认知带来重大突破。
Baruch Blumberg医生于上世纪50年代开始研究不同遗传类别人群对于同类疾病易感性之差异。其研究团队走遍世界各地,于各偏远地区探访不同原生种群,收集血液样本进行分析,旨为探寻差异遗传与特定疾病之关联。
Blumberg医生及其研究团队成功于一澳大利亚原住民血液样本中发现一不同寻常之抗原-澳大利亚抗原。进一步研究发现该抗原恰为导致乙肝之病因,该发现于1967年始得正式承认。
两年之公元1967年,Blumberg医生及其同事Iriving Millman医生研究出第一支乙肝预防疫苗。
美国食品及药物管理局命名该疫苗为第一例「抗癌」疫苗,因预防慢性肝炎可有效预防由HBV所致之原发性肝癌(约80%慢性乙肝患者发展为肝癌)。据统计,每年约50万人死于肝癌。
乙肝疫苗已于世界范围内尤其于亚洲及非洲为成千上万人带来福音并挽救无数生命。
甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)于上世纪70年代早期被发现并命名。于公元1989年,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)亦被成功提取。虽然目前并未研制出针对HCV之有效疫苗,但经彻底治疗,80%丙肝患者可获痊愈。
戊性肝炎病毒(HEV)于公元1990年被发现,而庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)则在公元1995年被确认。
基于Baruch Blumberg医生之卓越工作而为人类带来对乙肝病毒之认知防治之进步,其于公元1976年获颁诺贝尔医学奖。Blumberg医生于公元2011年4月5日辞世,享年85岁。
参考文献
美国全国发明名人堂
https://www.invent.org/hall_of_
fame/17.html
诺贝尔基金会
https://nobelprize.org/
“The Hunt for a Killer Virus:
Hepatitis B”, Baruch S. Blumberg,
Princeton University Press, 2002
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